Drug Free Australia: Attention med users!

[Chev]

Hmmmm, here's a reply from Gary

Chev

 

Let me first say that I have never drunk alcohol - never tasted the

substance, nor had a puff of a cigarette.  I am against those substances as

much as you.

 

However, marijuana does kill - go to the ABS stats of drug-related deaths

and you will find plenty of deaths.  Of course, cigarettes do not kill

anyone either.  Ever heard of anyone in your community overdosing with

nicotine poisoning.

 

The harm with marijuana, Chev, is that it kills over the long-term, and

there is plenty of evidence for that.

 

Medicinal value.  It is well known that depression is linked to the use of

marijuana.  Of course, like other substances, it cures what it creates.  A

vicious cycle.  As for Raynaud's - my wife has it.  I understand the

syndrome.  But there are many things which people think that marijuana is

curing which when tested in a clinical trial against a placebo, they find

it is not really doing at all.  There are too many trials where the placebo

outshone the MJ when people thought MJ was the wonder-drug.  So clinical

trials are absolutely necessary to get to the bottom of this.  And in light

of the dangers of the herb, why would we proliferate its use except for its

truly known, rather than imagined benefits.

 

Regards

 

Gary

And of course, my reply. I did refer to you in it Brash, I hope you don't mind dude.

Gary,

I feel sorry for your wife then sir, as I can personally tell you that MJ has helped my raynaud's beyond belief. I can tell you it's not

imagined, it's basically put a halt on my raynaud's. But as you know, there's only one way to find out, and that's to try it. But of course,

you'd never consider putting that to your wife in a million years, and I think that's a damn shame. She'll be able to tell you if it really

works.

As for nicotine poisoning, yes I have heard of it happening, especially with people on patches trying to quit, but smoking also with it.

There's naff-all evidence that MJ is dangerous long-term, and I challenge you to show me any evidence you do have to back-up those

claims. For every negative fact you throw to me, I'll throw two positive ones back.

For the thousands of sufferers that find relief in MJ, I challenge you to come up with a reasonable argument on the so-called dangers of

MJ, and not throw old, used, bias arguments out at me. It's all been heard before, numerous times. If you have proper scientific fact

against MJ, I'll listen. I'm sure others will too. But I know there's nothing out there, because it's been prevented by the government and

organisations like DFA. Which is sad, you'd rather listen to all the propaganda and BS than support proper clinical trials and studies that

would help put an end to all the nonsense. But I have heard of you guys, I know you've debated with Justin Brash before, and I also know

you're giving me the same argument you use on everyone. Boring.

Anyway, MJ is gaining popularity with the public in general, there's only so long before normal intelligent people come to the conclusion

that a consenting adult should have the right to chose whether or not they want to use MJ, medicinally or recreationally, and not be

prosecuted for it, especially if they prefer it over alcohol . I mean, c'mon guys. If you want something to really worry about, it'd be crack,

or ice. I suggest you start putting your energies into some really worthwhile causes, instead of worrying about MJ, it's really the least of

my worries as a parent and citizen.

Chev.

Amen. This is quite fun actually But yep, these guys are really just sprouting old shit, but it'll be enough on our pollies to keep MJ illegal. The 'family values' thing, as Brash pointed out, is what's being pushed down the throats of most pollies, and the public.

Hey Brash, if they can make such a difference with e-mails and letters, why don't we start some sort of drive ourselves, considering we've got a federal election coming up? Not spamming, but enough e-mails to be heard. I think it's time the stoner community had a voice, and this'd be a perfect way to get the views of everyone out there.

[Guest niall]

MDR wrote:

 

>It is well documented that marijuana has a very detrimental effect

>on the human mental and physical condition

 

Ask him to name ONE! :: Keep harping on at him, get him to be specific about his claims - he never can be, eventually he quietens down and goes away, but he never admits when he is wrong, he'll just start ignoring you instead

 

Gary wrote:

 

> However, marijuana does kill - go to the ABS stats of drug-related deaths

> and you will find plenty of deaths. Of course, cigarettes do not kill

> anyone either. Ever heard of anyone in your community overdosing with

> nicotine poisoning.

>

> The harm with marijuana, Chev, is that it kills over the long-term, and

> there is plenty of evidence for that.

 

Get him to name ONE death :: It's an old argument of Gary's, none of these deaths were CAUSED by cannabis, but because they're classified as "cannabis-related" (i.e. no proof that cannabis was the cause, only that it was present) he misrepresents them as actual deaths from cannabis.

 

Get him to provide some of the "evidence" for cannabis killing "over the long-term" hahahaha, these guys are just so predictable.

 

I've been in many heated debates with this pair over the past 6 months, you guys should all join the drugtalk list and slam the pair of them when they post such ignorant and deliberate lies ::

[Chev]

Hehehe, here's my loooooong reply of bullshit from gary:

 

Chev

 

Here is the list of almost entirely peer-reviewed journal articles showing

that marijuana is indeed a dangerous long-term drug. If I want my wife not

to suffer raynaud's symptoms we simply keep away from the snow and make

sure the air-conditioning is not too low.

 

Regards

 

Gary

 

 

 

                     

  Addiction / Gateway / Drug

 

 

American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse 1994 Nov.20(4):459-81.

(Developmental vicissitudes that promote drug abuse in adolescents.)

 

 

Bailey SL, Flewelling RL, Rachal JV. Journal of Health and Social Behavior.

1992; 33:51-66. (Predicting continued use of marijuana among adolescents:

the relative influence of drug-specific and social context factors.)

 

 

Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA),

March 10, 1994. (This analysis proves that, for too many children

cigarettes are a drug of entry into the world of illicit drugs.)

 

 

Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA),

March 10, 1994. (A 12- year-old who smokes is 30 times more likely to have

used illicit drugs than a child of the same age who doesn't smoke.)

 

 

Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA), Oct.

27, 1994. (Children who use marijuana are 85 times more likely to use

cocaine than non-marijuana users. 90% of children who used marijuana,

smoked or drank first. Children who drink are 50 times more likely to use

cocaine than non drinkers.)

 

 

Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA), Oct.

27, 1994. (Children who use gateway drugs - tobacco, alcohol and marijuana

- are up to 266 times more likely to use cocaine than those who don't use

any gateway drugs.)

 

 

Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA), Oct.

27, 1994. (Children who smoke daily are 13 times more likely to use heroin

than children who smoke less often.)

 

 

Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA), Oct.

27, 1994. (Compared with people who used only one gateway drug [tobacco,

alcohol and marijuana], children who used all three are 77 times more

likely to use cocaine.)

 

 

Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA), Oct.

27, 1994. (Study concludes: Nearly 90% of cocaine users had smoked, drank

and used marijuana first.)

 

 

Chait, et al. 1981. Psychopharmacology 75 (1). (Cross tolerance between

marijuana and barbiturates has been demonstrated. This means marijuana

users also develop a tolerance for the addicting barbiturates, even before

they use any barbiturates. This is more evidence of significant addictive

potential of marijuana.)

 

 

Chen, et al. 1997. Drug and Alcohol Dependence (46). (Of 9,000 daily users

of marijuana, 35% of the adolescents and 18% of the adults met the American

Psychiatric Association's criteria for dependence (addiction), suggesting

that teenagers are much more vulnerable than adults to developing and

addiction to marijuana.)

 

 

Clark DB, Levent K, Moss HB. Early Adolescent Gateway Drug Use in Sons of

Fathers with Substance Use Disorders. Addictive Behaviors 1998; 23:

561-566. (Preadolescent tobacco use and conduct disorders were highly

predictive of early adolescent cannabis use achieving 100% sensitivity and

76% specificity.)

 

 

Compton DR, Dewey WL, Martin BR. Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse.

1990;9:129-147. (Cannabis dependence and tolerance production.)

 

 

Crowley TJ, Macdonald MJ, Whitmore EA, Mikulich SK. Cannabis dependence,

withdrawal, and reinforcing effects among adolescents with conduct symptoms

and substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 1998; 50:27-37..

(Research from the University of Colorado examining the presence of

marijuana dependence in adolescents who are seen for conduct disorders has

demonstrated not only the presence of a clear marijuana dependence syndrome

in adolescents, but also marijuana withdrawal. Most patients claimed

serious problems with cannabis, and 78.6% met adult criteria for cannabis

dependence. The drug produces both dependence and withdrawal and potently

reinforces cannabis taking.)

 

 

Devane WA. Science. 1992; 258: 1946-1949 et al. (Isolation and structure of

a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor.)

 

 

Duffy A, Milin R. J. Am. Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:1618-21..

Case Study: Withdrawal Syndrome in Adolescent Chronic Cannabis Users.

(Documents clear withdrawal syndrome that jeopardized treatment.)

 

 

Fonseca FR, Carrera MRA, Navarro M, Koob GF, Weiss F. Science 1997;

276:2050-2053. Activation of corticotropin - releasing factor in the limbic

system during cannabinoid withdrawal. (Withdrawal induced by cannabinoid

antagonist SR 141716A was associated with elevation of extracellular

corticotropin-releasing factor.)

 

 

Gfoerer, Joseph C, Epstein, Joan F. Federal Office of Applied Studies in

SAMHSA. Drug And Alcohol Dependence, vol. 54 (1999) pp 229-237. (Article

estimates drug abuse treatment needs for the years 2000-2020 based on

current youth marijuana use. The exec. summary states, "Age at first use of

marijuana was found to be the most important predictor in these models"..

The article notes that marijuana "is generally the first illicit drug used

by young people".

 

 

Gold MS. Marijuana. In: Miller NS, ed. Comprehensive handbook of drug and

alcohol dependance. New York: Marcel Dekker, 353-82.

 

 

Golub A, Johnson BD, The Shifting Importance of Alcohol and Marijuana as

Gateway Substances among Serious Drug Abusers. J. Stud Alcohol 1994;55:

607-614. (Marijuana's role as a gateway drug to serious drug use appears to

have increased.)

 

 

 

 

 

Jones RT, Benowitz W, Bachman I. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 282: 21-239.

(Clinical studies of cannabis tolerance and dependencies.)

 

 

Jones, RT. 1980 NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) Monograph #31.

(Marijuana tolerance occurs in humans; high doses produce less and less

effect for the user over time.)

 

 

Jones RT, Benowitz NL, & Herning RI. 1981. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 21,

143S-152S.

 

 

Jones RT, Benowitz N. 1976. Braud MD & Szara S (Ed.), Pharmacology of

Marijuana, Vol.2 (pp 620-642). New York: Raven Press. (The 30 Day Trip -

Clinical studies of cannabis tolerance and dependence.)

 

 

Journal Psychopharmacology, April 1998. (A new study has found that chronic

marijuana users become aggressive when they stop smoking the drug according

to an April 20 press release from the National Institutes on Health.

Researchers at Harvard Medical School found evidence that a withdrawal

syndrome is associated with abstinence following long-term marijuana use.

Researchers concluded that aggressive behavior is part of this syndrome..)

 

 

Kandel DB, Yamaguchi K, Chen K, Stages of Progression in Drug Involvement

from Adolescence to Adulthood: Further Evidence for the Gateway Theory, J

Stud. Alcohol; 1992: 447-457. (Very few try illicit drugs other than

marijuana without prior use of marijuana.)

 

 

Kandel DB, Davies M, Archives of General Psychiatry 1996;53:71-80 . (High

school students who use crack and other drugs.)

 

 

Kaplan HB Martin SS, Johnson RJ, and Robbins CA. Journal of Health and

Social Behavior. 1986; 27:44-61. (Escalation of marijuana use: Application

of a general theory of deviant behavior.)

 

 

Kaufman E, et al. Committee on Drug Abuse of the Council on Psychiatric

Services. Am J Psychiatry. 1987;144: 698-702. (Position statement on

psychoactive substance use and dependence: update on marijuana and

cocaine.)

 

 

Keer, et al. 1991,1994 American Psychiatric Assoc. DSM-IV, United States.

Restricted activity days and other problems associated with use of

marijuana or cocaine among persons 18 to 44 years of age. (Some marijuana

users develop tolerance, abuse, and compulsive use that meet the criteria

for formal diagnosis of dependence [addiction].)

 

 

Kelly TH, Foltin RW, Emurian CS, Fischman MW, J Exp Anal Behav, March

1994;61: 203-211. (Subjects consistently chose the 3.5% dose over either

the 0.0% or 2.0% dose. Dose choice was more sensitive to THC content than

either reports of drug liking or numbers of cigarettes smoked.)

 

 

Kendler KS, Prescott CA. Cannabis use, abuse, and dependence in a

population based sample of female twins. American Journal of Psychiatry

1998; 155:1016-1022 (Genetic risk factors have a strong impact on the

liability for heavy use, abuse, and dependence on marijuana.)

 

 

Kleber, Herbert, MD. 1988. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 49:2 (Suppl) pp

3-6. (20% of those who used marijuana 3 to 10 times went on to use cocaine.

75% of those who used marijuana 100 times went on to use cocaine.)

 

 

Lundqvist, Life Science, Vol. 56 pp 2145 - 2155. (Study describes cannabis

dependence. Impaired cognitive skills and functioning were documented in

chronic cannabis users.)

 

 

Martin, et al. 1997. Marijuana: Contemporary Issues in Treatment.

(Marijuana "is most definitely addictive and we generally do not perceive

of marijuana as having a great addictive potential because it is a long

acting drug.")

 

 

Mendelson JH, Mello NK, & Lex BW. 1984 Am. J. Psychiatry, 414, 1289-1290.

(Marijuana withdrawal syndrome in a woman.)

 

 

Miller NS, Gold MS. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 1989; 6:183-192.

(The diagnosis of marijuana [cannabis] dependence.)

 

 

Miller NS, Gold MS, Pottash AC. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 1989;

6:241-250. (A 12-step treatment approach for marijuana [cannabis]

dependence.)

 

 

Mirochnik, et al. Pediatrics 99:555-559, 1997. (The chronic use of cocaine,

particularly when used with marijuana, sets up craving behavior by

depleting brain dopamine and norepinephrine.)

 

 

Pedersen JM. Arctic Medical Research 1992 Apr;51(2):67-71. (Substance abuse

among Greenlandic school children.)

 

 

Physicians' Desk Reference 1998. (Marinol, a pharmaceutical containing the

synthesized active ingredient of marijuana, is available now with a

doctor's prescription. It is addictive both psychologically and

physiologically. Eleven withdrawal symptoms are listed.)

 

 

Simmons MS, Tashkin DP. Life Sciences 56:2185-2191, 1995. "The Relationship

of Tobacco and Marijuana Smoking Characteristics." (Initiation of a new

smoking habit can lead to reduced smoking of other substance regardless of

which substance was smoked first. Of all smokers of both tobacco and

marijuana, one half began smoking tobacco before marijuana, while one third

began smoking marijuana first.)

 

 

Smith DE, Seymour RE. Vol.2. No.1: 49-54 Jan. 1997. Journal of Substance

Misuse for Nursing, Health and Social Care.(2). (Marijuana withdrawal

symptoms in humans include anxiety, depression, irritability, insomnia,

tremors and chills.)

 

 

Solowij et al. Life Sciences, Vol. 56 pp 2127-2134, 1995. (Brain

event-related measures normalize during acute marijuana intoxication,

suggesting a basis for the physical dependence component of marijuana use.)

 

 

Stephens RS, Roffman RA, Simpson EE. Journal of Consulting & Clinical

Psychology 1993 Dec;61(6):1100-4. (Adult marijuana users seeking

treatment.)

 

 

Tanda G, Pontieri FE, Di Chiara G. Science 1997;276:2048-2050. Cannabinoid

and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common

opioid receptor mechanism. (THC and heroin exert similar effects on

mesolimbic dopamine transmission through a common opioid receptor mechanism

located in the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum.)

 

 

Wickelgren. 1997. Science (276). (Two studies published in the June 27,

1997 Science complete the picture of marijuana as an addictive drug,

demonstrating that marijuana affects the neurochemistry of the brain in

ways similar to heroin, cocaine, alcohol, and tobacco. The strength of the

dopamine surge in the brain created by marijuana was shown to be similar to

that created by heroin. These studies provide physiological evidence for

marijuana acting as a gateway drug that leads to other drug use. One

researcher commented these studies "send a powerful message that should

raise everyone's awareness about the dangers of marijuana use.")

 

 

Williams JG, Smith JP. Journal of Substance Abuse 1993;5(3):289-94.

(Alcohol and other drug use among adolescents: family and peer influences.)

 

 

 

                  AIDS / HIV / Immune System / Infections

 

AIDS Weekly, p.19, June 28, 1993. (HIV positive marijuana smokers have an

   increased incidence of bacterial pneumonia compared to non-marijuana

                                 smokers.)

 

 

British Medical Association, Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis. 1997.

P.48...."cannabinoids have been shown to have immuno suppressive effect

...... potentially damaging in individuals whose immune system is already

compromised by HIV or chemotherapy."

 

 

Cabral, GA et al. Proc Soc Exp Bio Med 1986;182:181-186. (Marijuana causes

decreased resistance to diseases such as herpes.)

 

 

Cabral GA et al. Adv Exp Med Bio 288: 93-105, 1991. (THC, the main

psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, causes immunosuppression.)

 

 

Cabral GA, Vasquez R. Cannabis: Physiopathology, Epidemiology, Detection.

CRC Press 1993:137-153. (Delta-9-THC suppresses macrophage extrinsic

anti-herpes virus activity.)

 

 

Caiffa WT, Vlahov D, Graham NM, Astemborski J, Solomon L, Nelson KE, and

Munoz A. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150:1493-1498, 1994. (Marijuana smoking

increases the incidence of bacterial pneumoniae in AIDS patients. HIV

positive smokers progress to full-blown AIDS twice as fast as non-smokers.)

 

 

Cusher et al. Cellular Immunology Vol 154:99-108, 1994. (Low levels of THC

inhibited tumor necrosis factor thereby weakening the killing activity of

lymphocytes against tumor cells. Marijuana's implication in a number of

chronic diseases reflects its harmful impact on the immune system.)

 

 

Daaka Y, Zhu W, Friedman H, Klein T W. Induction of Interleukin-2 alpha

gene by Delta-9-THC is mediated by nuclear factor kB and CBa cannabinoid

receptor. DNA and Cell Biology 1997;16:301-309. (THC might augment AIDS

development because of an increase in NK-kB which is known to activate the

HIV genome and increase retro viral replication.)

 

 

Djeu J et al. Adv Exp Med Bio 288: 57-62, 1991. (THC, the main psychoactive

ingredient in marijuana, causes immunosuppression.)

 

 

Djeu et al. Drugs of Abuse Immunity and Immunodeficiency, 1991. (THC is

able to interfere with the function of white blood cells taken from humans.

Both neutrophils, which fight bacterial infection, and mononuclear cells of

the immune system, which fight viruses, were suppressed by various

concentrations of THC.)

 

 

Fleisher M, Winawer SJ, Zauber AG. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1991;

115:578-579. (Aspergillosis and marijuana.)

 

 

Gross G, Roussaki A, Ikenberg H, Drees N. Dermatologica 1991; 183:203-207.

(Genital warts do not respond to systemic recombinant interferon alfa-2

treatment during cannabis consumption.)

 

 

Fligiel SF et al. Chest, 1997. (Marijuana smoking damages the cilia which

protect the lungs.)

 

 

Ford and Norris, Journal of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, Vol 7:

389-396, 1994. (This study on the effects of the use of alcohol and

marijuana in the context of sexual relationships and the impact of these

substances on the consistency of condom use by urban minority youth showed

an increase in unprotected sex.)

 

 

Freidman H, Klein TW, Newton C, Daaka Y. Advances in Experimental and

Medical Biology, Vol. 373, pp 103-113, 1995. (Individuals who chronically

use marijuana may be more subject to adverse reaction to common bacteria

and viruses in the environment than non-users.)

 

 

Hamadeh and associates. Chest, Vol. 94/2, pp.432-433, 1988. "Invasive

aspergillosis has become a significant cause of death in immunosuppressed

patients". Physicians should be aware of this potentially lethal

complication of marijuana use in compromised hosts such as patients with

AIDS or malignancies.)

 

 

Juel-Jensen, BE. 1972 Brit. Med. J. iv:296. (Cannabis and recurrent herpes

simplex.)

 

 

Kusher DI, et al. Cellular Immunology Vol 154:99-108. 1994. Effect of the

Psychoactive Metabolite of Marijuana, Delta 9 THC. (Study reports that test

tube studies show that marijuana metabolites are capable of impairing the

ability of human immune cells to kill tumors and destroy fungal cells.)

 

 

Lopez-Cepero M, Friedman M, Klein T, and Friedman J. 1986 J. Leukocyte

Biol.39 : 679. (THC induced suppression of macrophage spreading and

phagocytic activity in vitro.)

 

 

Miguez-Berbano and associates, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

1994;34-1031. (Smoking tobacco or marijuana reduced antioxidant levels in

HIV-infected patients. Vitamin E levels were significantly lower in

marijuana users, as well as cigarette smokers, compared to non-smoking HIV

infected subjects. "The results of this study indicate that both marijuana

and cigarettes have a detrimental effect on vitamin E status of HIV-1

infected individuals. These findings are of particular concern in the light

of the important role of Vitamin E in immune processes, inhibition of viral

activation and the death of immune cells."

 

 

Mishkin EM, and Cabral GA 1985.

 

 

J Gen. Virol. 66: 2539. (Delta-9-THC decreases host resistance to herpes

simplex virus type 2 vaginal infection in the B6C3F1 mouse.)

 

 

Murison G, Chubb CB, Maeda S, Gemmell MA and Huberman E. Proc. Natl. Acad.

Sci. USA. 1987;84: 5414-5418. (Cannabinoids induce incomplete maturation of

cultured human leukemia cells.)

 

 

Newton CA et al. Inject Infect Immun 62:4015-4020, 1994. (THC, the main

psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, causes immunosuppression.)

 

 

Nieman RB et al. AIDS 7:705-710, 1993. (HIV positive smokers progress to

full-blown AIDS twice as fast as non smokers.)

 

 

Schwartz RH, Journal of Hospital and Community Psychiatry, Vol. 38, p. 531,

May 1987. (Marijuana use is a factor in preparing the ground for HIV

infection.)

 

 

Sidney et al. American Journal of Public Health, 87:585-590, Marijuana

Research Review, 7/97. (Study reflected double mortality in AIDS patients

who used marijuana.)

 

 

Spector S et al. Adv Exp Med Bio 288:47-56, 1991. (THC, the main

psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, causes immunosuppression.)

 

 

Tashkin D, Baldwin G. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care

Medicine vol 156, 1997. (Cells from both marijuana smokers and cocaine

smokers demonstrated severe limitation in their ability to kill bacteria

and tumor cells. The cells involved, alveolar macrophages, are part of the

immune system of the lung. They are responsible for the elimination of

foreign substances such as tumor and infection.)

 

 

Taylor DN, et al. New England Journal of Medicine 1982; 306:1249-1254.

(Salmonellosis associated with marijuana: a multistate outbreak traced by

plasmid fingerprinting.)

 

 

Timpone et al. 1997 AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, Vol.13 No.4,

Marijuana Research Review, 7/97. (Poor results were shown using THC, the

main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, to treat AIDS wasting syndrome.)

 

 

Tindall B, et al. Aust N Z J Med 18:8-15, 1988. (HIV positive marijuana

smokers have an increased incidence of bacterial pneumonia compared to

non-marijuana smokers. Marijuana smoking increases the progression to

full-blown AIDS in HIV positive persons.)

 

 

Transplantation, Vol. 61, June 27, 1996. (Marijuana smoke transmits

aspergillosis, a fungus having up to a 90% fatality rate if contracted by

transplant patients. Researchers have strongly warned against the use of

marijuana in immuno-compromised patients such as those with AIDS, chronic

granulomatous disease, bone marrow transplants and those receiving

chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer.)

 

 

Voth EA, Schwartz RH. Medicinal applications of delta 9 THC and marijuana:

a perspective. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997: 126:791-8. (Marijuana is

not a panacea. It is an impure weed that introduces immuno compromised

patients to bacteria, fungi, and other toxic complications. We recommend

sticking with predictable medical therapies and not deviating from FDA

approved medicine in exchange for herbal remedies.

 

 

Wallace JM and associates. Chest, Vol. 105:847-852. (Tobacco smokers had

lower percentages of cells in their small airways that had the marker for

CD4 or helper T-cells. Marijuana use had the opposite effect of lowering

CD8 positive cells, so-called suppressor cells, at the expense of CD4

cells. Tobacco and marijuana have effects on immune cells and blood

lymphocyte populations that differ from each other, both in type and

magnitude.)

 

 

Wambach KG, Byers JB, Harrison DF, Levine P, Imershein AW, Quadagno DM,

Maddox K. Journal of Drug Education 1992;22(2):131-46. (Substance use among

women at risk for HIV infection.)

 

 

Watzl et al. Drugs of Abuse Immunity and Immunodeficiency, 1991. (THC is

able to interfere with the function of white blood cells taken from humans.

Both neutrophils, which fight bacterial infection, and mononuclear cells of

the immune system, which fight viruses, were suppressed by various

concentrations of THC.)

 

 

Watzl B et al. Adv Exp Med Bio 288: 63-70, 1991. (THC, the main

psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, causes immunosuppression.)

 

 

Whitfield RM, Bechtel LM, Starich GH. The impact of ethanol and

Marinol/marijuana usage on HIV+/AIDS patients undergoing AZT, DDC, or DDI

therapy. Alcohol, Clin Exp Res 1997; 21:122-127. (Marinol/marijuana

resulted in lower CD4+ counts and elevated amylase levels within the DDI

group. Marinol/marijuana use associated with declining health status in AZT

and AZT/DDC groups but did not appear to have worsening health status at

one year follow up.)

 

 

Zhu W and colleagues. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental

Therapeutics, 274:1001-1007, 1995. (THC causes abnormalities in immune

molecules.)

 

 

 

Behaviour / Psychiatric / Violence / Risk Taking

 

 

 

Abel E. 1977. Psychol. Bull.84:193-261. (The relationship between cannabis

and violence: A review.)

 

 

Amen DG, Waugh M. High resolution brain SPECT imaging of marijuana smokers

with AD/HD. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 1998;30:209-214. (Studies on 30

heavy marijuana users with AD/HD shows marked decreased activity in the

right and left temporal lobes. Age range 16-46 average 28.)

 

 

Andreasson S et al. Lancet 2:1483-1485, 1987. (Marijuana has long been

known to trigger attacks of mental illness, such as bipolar

[manic-depressive] psychosis and schizophrenia. It has been shown that

marijuana users are six times more likely to develop schizophrenia than are

non-users.)

 

 

Andreasson S, Allebeck P, Rydberg U. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989;79:505-10.

(Schizophrenia in users and nonusers of cannabis, a longitudinal study in

Stockholm County.)

 

 

Barnet G, Licko V, Thompson T. 1985 Psychopharmacology 85: 51-56.

(Behavioral pharmacokinetics of marijuana.)

 

 

Bell R, Wechsler H, Johnston LD. Correlates of college student marijuana

use: results of a US national survey. Addiction 1997;92:571-581. (Marijuana

use high among students who participate in high risk behaviors such as

binge drinking, cigarettes, multiple sex partners, parties of importance.)

 

 

Bowman M., Pihl RO. 1973 Psychopharmacologia 29:159-170. (Cannabis:

psychological effects

 

 

of chronic heavy use: a controlled study of intellectual functioning

chronic users of high-potency cannabis.)

 

 

British Medical Association, Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis. 1997 p.71

......"psychosis can be aggravated by some psychoactive cannabinoids."

 

 

Brook U. International Journal of the Addictions 1993 May;28(7):667-76.

(High school pupils' attitude and experience with drugs in Holon, Israel.)

 

 

Brookoff D, Campbell EA, and Shaw LM. American Journal of Public Health..

1993;83:369-371. (The under reporting of cocaine-related trauma: drug abuse

warning network reports vs. hospital toxicology tests.)

 

 

Brookoff D, O'Brien KK, Cook CS, Thompson TD, Williams C. Characteristics

of Participants in Domestic Violence Cases. JAMA 1997; 277:1369-73. (92% of

assailants had used alcohol or drugs the day of attack. 10% used marijuana)

 

 

Brownstein HH, Shiledar-Baxi H, Goldstein P, and Ryan P. 1992. J. Crime

Justice 15:25-44. (The relationship of drugs, drug trafficking, and drug

traffickers to homicide.)

 

 

Carney MWP, Bacelle L, Robinson B. Br. Med J 1984:288:104. Psychosis after

cannabis use.

 

 

Center for Substance Abuse Research University of Maryland, College Park

Oct.27,1997 Vol.6 Issue 42

 

 

( District of Columbia Pretrial Services Agency shows that 72% of juvenile

arrestees tested positive for marijuana in August 1997)

 

 

Cherek D, and Steinberg J. 1987 Adv. Human Psychopharmacol. 4: 239-290.

(Effects of drugs on human aggressive behavior.)

 

 

Cherek, DR. 1993 Psychopharmacology 111 : 163-168. (Smoking marijuana

caused increased aggressive behavior in inner-city males.)

 

 

Cohen S. 1979 Drug Abuse Alcoholism Review 2: 1-13. (The effects of

combined alcohol-drug abuse on human behavior.)

 

 

Dembo R, Washburn M, Wish B, Schmeidler I, Getreu A, Berry E, Williams L,

and Blount W.

 

 

1987(a) J. Psychoactive Drugs 19: 361-373. (Further examination of the

association between heavy marijuana use and crime among youths entering a

juvenile detention center.)

 

 

Dembo R, Washburn M, Wish E, Yeung H, Getreu A, Berry E, and Blount W.

1987( J Psychoactive Drugs 19: 47-56. (Heavy marijuana use and crime

among youths entering a juvenile detention center.)

 

 

Dembo R, Williams L, Wothke W, and Schmeidler J. 1992 Deviant Behavior

13:185-215. (Examining a structural model of the relationships among

alcohol use, marijuana/hashish use, their effects and emotional and

psychological problems over time in a cohort of high risk youths.)

 

 

Effect of Marijuana Decriminalization on Hospital Emergency Room Drug

Episodes: 1975-1978. (Significantly higher number of DAWN [Drug Abuse

Warning Network] marijuana episodes in states who had decriminalized

marijuana.)

 

 

Fagan J. 1990 in M.Toery and J.Wilson (eds.) Drugs and Crime. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press pp.241-320. (Intoxication and aggression.)

 

 

Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT, Horword LJ. New Zealand Medical Journal 1993 June

23;106(958):247-50. (Patterns of cannabis use among 13-14 year old New

Zealanders).

 

 

Ford K, Norris A. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1994

Apr;7(4):389-96 (Urban minority youth: alcohol and marijuana use and

exposure to unprotected intercourse.)

 

 

Goldstein PJ, Lipton DS, Spunt BJ, Bellucci PA, Miller T, Cortez N, Khan M,

and Kale A. 1987 (Drug Related Involvement in Violent Episodes (DRIVE).

Interim Final Report to the National Institute on Drug Abuse.)

 

 

Goldstein PJ, Bellucci PA, Spunt BJ, Miller T, Cortez N, Khan M, Durrance

R, and Vega A. 1988 (Female Drug Related Involvement in Violent Episodes

[FEMDRIVE]. Final report to the National Institute on Drug Abuse.)

 

 

Goldstein PJ. 1989(a) In N.A. Weiner and M.E. Wolfgang (Eds.) Pathways to

Criminal Violence. Beverly Hills, California. Sage Publications, pp.16-48.

(Drugs and Violent Crime.)

 

 

Goldstein PJ, Brownstein HH, Ryan PJ, and Bellucci PA. 1989( Contemp.

Drug Probl. 16(4): 651-687. (Crack and homicide in New York City, 1988: a

conceptually based event analysis.)

 

 

Goldstein PJ, Brownstein H, Ryan P. 1992(a) (Drug related homicide in New

York, 1984 and 1988 Crime Delinq. 38:459-476.)

 

 

Goldstein PJ, Brownstein HH, Spunt BI, and Fendrich M. 1992( (Drug

Relationships in Murder [DREIM]. Final report to the National Institute on

Drug Abuse.)

 

 

Gerston SP. J Clin Psychiatry 1980;41: 60-1. (Long-term adverse effects of

brief marijuana usage.)

 

 

Hall W, Solowij N. Long term cannabis use and mental health. British

Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;171:107-108. (Marijuana causes dependence, poor

social outcomes in adolescents, impairs cognitive function, and at a

minimum precipitates psychosis.)

 

 

Harrison P, Fulkerson J, Beebe T. Child Abuse and Neglect, 1997. 21(6):

529-539. "Multiple Substance Use Among Adolescent Physical and Sexual Abuse

Victims" (Minnesota student survey finds link between physical/sexual

victimization and multiple substance use. A history of physical/sexual

abuse was also associated with an increased likelihood of multiple

substance use among all grade levels.)

 

 

Jenike MA. Drug Abuse. In: Rubinstein E, Federman DD, eds, Scientific

American Medicine, NY: Scientific American, Inc., 1993. (Marijuana causes

many mental disorders, including acute toxic psychosis, panic attacks,

flashbacks, delusions, depersonalization, hallucinations, paranoia,

depression and "uncontrollable hostility".)

 

 

Kaplan HB, Martin SS, Johnson RJ, Robbins CA. Journal of Health and Social

Behavior. 1986;27:44-61. (Escalation of marijuana use: Application of a

general theory of deviant behavior.)

 

 

Knudsen P, Vilmar T. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1984; 69: 162-74. (Cannabis and

neuroleptic agents in schizophrenia.)

 

 

Koukkou M, Lehmann D. Pharmacopsychiatry 1978;11:220-7 Correlations between

cannabis-induced psychopathology and EEG before and after drug ingestion.

 

 

Kouri E, Pope H, Yurgelun-Todd D, Gruber S. Biol Psychiatry 1995;

38:475-481. Attributes of heavy vs. occasional marijuana smokers in a

college population. (Heavy smokers higher rates of other drug use.

Definition of heavy and light is questionable, high never smoked more than

10 times per month.)

 

 

Krahn D, Kurth C, Demitrack M, Drewnowski A. Journal of Substance Abuse

1992;4(4):341-53. (The relationship of dieting severity and bulimic

behaviors to alcohol and other drug use in young women.)

 

 

Lacoursiere et al. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140:242-244, 1982.

(Toxic psychosis produced by marijuana smoking while on Antabuse.)

 

 

Lex BW, Griffin ML, Mellow NK, Mendelson JH. International Journal of the

Addictions. 1989;24:405-424. (Alcohol, marijuana, and mood states in young

women.)

 

 

Linszen DH, Dingemans PM, Lenior ME. Schizophrenic disorders. Arch Gen

Psychiatry 1994; 51: 273-79. Cannabis abuse and the course of recent-onset.

(Cannabis use found to increase frequency of relapse in patients with

schizophrenia. In all but one of the patients cannabis use also preceded

the onset of their first psychotic symptom.)

 

 

Martinez-Arevalo MJ, Calcedo-Ordonez A, Varo-Prieto JR. Alcobendas Mental

Health Centre, Madrid, Spain. Br J Psychiatry, May 1994. Vol.164

pgs.679-681 Cannabis consumption as a prognostic factor in schizophrenia

(Data were analyzed from 62 schizophrenia patients between 18 and 30 years

of age, treated at the community mental health centres in Navarra, who had

relapsed and then completed a one-year-follow-up study. Factors influencing

the course of illness during follow-up were: continuing cannabis

consumption; previous cannabis intake; non-compliance with treatment and

stress.)

 

 

Mathers DC, Ghodse AH. British Journal of Psychiatry. 1992;161:648-653.

(Cannabis and psychotic illness.)

 

 

Model KE. Journal of the American Statistical Association 1993; 88:737-747.

The Effect of Marijuana Decriminalization on Hospital Emergency Room Drug

Episodes: 1975-1978. (Significantly higher number of DAWN marijuana

episodes in states who had decriminalized marijuana.)

 

 

Mueser KT, Yarnold PR, Bellack AS. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 85: 48-55..

(Diagnostic and demographic correlates of substance abuse in schizophrenia

and major affective disorder.)

 

 

National Institute on Drug Abuse. Rockville, Maryland: Pp. 136-159. (The

drug use - violent delinquency link among adolescent Mexican-Americans.)

 

 

New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services. 1990 Male and Female

Arrests for Violent Crimes since 1970.

 

 

Page JB, Fletcher J, True WR. 1988 J Psychoactive Drugs 20:57-65.

(Psychosociocultural perspective on chronic cannabis use: the Costa Rican

follow-up.)

 

 

Physicians' Desk Reference pp2076. Lapey, Janet D. MD. 1993. ("Marinol",

which is THC, the main active ingredient in marijuana, causes "decreased

ability to control drives and impulses.")

 

 

Poulton RG, Brooke M, Stanton WR, Silva PA. New Zealand Medical Journal

1997;110: 68-70. Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use and dependence

in young New Zealanders. (Prevalence use DSM IIIR defined cannabis

dependence assessed at age 18 and 21 increased from 6.6% for 18 to 9.6% at

21. Unemployment or violent behavior more frequent with cannabis use at age

21.)

 

 

Rajs, Prof. Jovan Dept. Of Forensic Med. Stockholm, Fugelstad, Anna,

 

Psychologist, Psychiatric Dependency Clinic, St. Gorans Hosp., Stockholm.

28/11/1994 (People who have used cannabis on its own, without simultaneous

consumption of other substances, have frequently died in connection with

impulsive and unforseen acts of violence. The predominant form of death is

suicide.)

 

 

Ryan P., Goldstein P., Brownstein H., and Bellucci P. 1990 in M. De La

Rosa, E. Lambert and B. Gropper (eds.) Drugs and Violence: Causes,

Correlates, and Consequences (research Monograph 103) Rockville, Maryland:

National Institute on Drug Abuse pp.239-264. (Who's Right? Different

outcomes when police and scientists view the same set of homicide events:

New York.1988.)

 

 

Satz P., Fletcher JM., Sutker LL. 1976 Ann. NY Acad.Sci. 282:266-306.

(Neuropsychologic, intellectual and personality correlates of chronic

marijuana use in native Costa Ricans.)

 

 

Scherrer et al. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol.184, No. 10.

(Studied Antisocial Personality Disorder [ASP] in 1874 pairs of identical

male twins. When twins were randomly selected, 8 out of 10 ASP symptoms

were more prevalent in persons with lifetime history of marijuana use.

Identical twins have the same genetic makeup. This study clearly shows that

marijuana use is not an inherited weakness but that drug use causes

antisocial personality traits and symptoms.)

 

 

Schwartz RH, Peary P, & Mistretta D. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 1986 140(4), 326.

Intoxication of Young Children with Marijuana: A Form of Amusement for

'Pot' Smoking Teenage Girls. (This brief report discusses teenage

baby-sitters who intoxicated young charges in their care by blowing

marijuana smoke into their faces, noses or mouths, making them "high" on

pot.)

 

 

Schwartz RH. Marijuana: an overview. Pediatric clinics of North America..

1987;34:305-317. (Poorly educated subjects or field hands, non peer

reviewed journals, in one study- higher rates of absenteeism, delinquency,

and reformatories in Costa Rica.)

 

 

Simeon DT, Bain BC, Wyatt GE, LeFranc E, Ricketts H, Chambers CC, Tucker

MB. Characteristics of Jamaicans who smoke marijuana before sex and their

risk status for sexually transmitted diseases. West Indies Medical Journal

1996;45:9. (Higher risk taking if marijuana smoked prior to sex and

independent risk factor for STD.)

 

 

Simonds J, and Kashani J. 1980. Am. J. Drug and Alcohol Abuse 7:305-322..

(Specific drug use and violence in delinquent boys.)

 

 

Soderstrom, CA, Smith GS, Dischinger PA, McDuff DR, Hebel JR, Gorelick DA,

Kerns TJ, et al. Journal of the American Medical Association

1997;227:169-1774. (Psychoactive substance use disorders among seriously

injured trauma center patients. 39.7% of patients had urine positive for

drugs other than alcohol and nicotine. Lifetime [current] drug dependency

rates were cocaine 16.4% [10.6%], marijuana 14.8% [6.5%], opiates 13.8%

[10%], hallucinogens 2.3% [0.4%], stimulants 1.9% [0.3%].)

 

 

Solomons K, Neppe VM, Kuyl JM. SAMJ. 1990;78:476-481. (Toxic cannabis

psychosis is a valid entity.)

 

 

Souief MI. 1976. Ann.NY Acad. Sci. 282:323-343. (Differential association

between chronic cannabis use and brain function deficits.)

 

 

Spunt B, Goldstein P, Bellucci P, and Miller T. 1990(a) Adv. Alcohol

Substance Abuse 9:81-99. (Drug relationships in violence among methadone

maintenance treatment clients.)

 

 

Spunt B, Goldstein P, Bellucci P, and Miller T. 1990( J. Psychoactive

Drugs 22:293-303. (Race / ethnicity and gender differences in the

drugs-violence relationship.)

 

 

Spunt et al. International Journal of the Addictions, Vol. 29:195-213,

1994. The Role of Marijuana in Homicide. (In terms of life-time use,

marijuana was reported to be the most common illicit drug used by a sample

of 268 murderers incarcerated in New York State correctional facilities..

About 25% of prisoners who had used marijuana, had used it in the 24 hour

period before the homicide, and ¾ of those said they experienced some kind

of effect from the drug when the homicide occurred.)

 

 

Spunt B, Brownstein HH, Crimmins SM, Langley S. Drugs and Homicide by

Women. Substance Use and Misuse, 1996;31:825-845. (10% used pot on the day

of homicide and 6% were under the influence.)

 

 

Szymanski HV. Prolonged depersonalisation after marijuana use. Am J

Psychiatry 1981;138:231-3.

 

 

Tart CT. 1979. Nature 226: 701-704. (Marijuana intoxication: common

experiences.)

 

 

Thomas H. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 1996;42:201-207. A community survey

of adverse effects of cannabis use. (22% reported panic or anxiety episodes

and 15% reported psychotic events.)

 

 

Troisi A, Pasini A, Saracco M, Spalletta G. Psychiatric Symptoms in Male

Cannabis Users Not Using Other Illicit Drugs. Addiction 1998; 93:487-492.

(Comorbid psychiatric disorders prevalence: 83% with diagnosis of cannabis

dependence, 46% with dx of cannabis abuse, and 29% with occasional cannabis

use. Severity of depression and other symptoms increased progressively with

the degree of involvement with cannabis. Chronic use was associated with a

high prevalence of co-morbid psychiatric disorders.)

 

 

Tunving K. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985; 72:209-17. Psychiatric effects of

cannabis use.

 

 

Varma, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 21, pp. 147-152, 1988.

(Psychological tests measuring intelligence, memory, and other mental

functions, were given to 26 heavy cannabis users and compared to a control

group. Heavy cannabis user - consuming cannabis for 5 years, 20 or more

times per month, with daily intake equivalent to 150 mg of THC or 3 to 5

joints. Users react very slowly in performing motor tasks, suffered

disability in personal, social and vocational areas, had higher scores for

neurotic and psychotic behavior.)

 

 

Watts WD, and Wright L. 1990 In M. De La Rosa, E. Lambert, and B. Gropper

(Eds.) Drugs and Violence. Causes, Correlates, and Consequences (Research

Monograph 103)

 

 

Yamada T, Kendrix M, Yamada T. The Impact of Alcohol consumption and

marijuana use on high school graduation. Health Economics 1996;5:77-92.

(Adverse effects of alcohol and marijuana use on high school graduation..

Incidence in frequent drinking, frequent marijuana use significantly reduce

the probability of high school graduation. Drinking and marijuana are

substitute activities.)

 

 

Zaretsky, Schizophrenia Research, Vol. 11, pp. 3-8, 1993. (Tardive

dyskinesia is a condition in which abnormal involuntary movements develop,

producing serious neurologic disability. Some patients treated for

schizophrenia with drugs such as chlorpromazine, develop this serious

condition as a side effect of therapy. A major risk factor for development

of this complication of neuroleptic therapy is current or past use of

cannabis.)

 

 

 

                           Cancer / Respiratory

 

Barbers RG et al. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;135:1271-1275. (Differential

examination of broncho alveolar lavage cells in tobacco cigarette and

marijuana smokers.)

 

 

Barbers RG et al. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1988;20:15-20. (Chemotaxis

of peripheral blood and lung leukocytes obtained from tobacco and marijuana

smokers.

 

 

Barsky SH, Roth MD, Kleerup EC, Simmons M, Tashkin DP. Histopathologic and

Molecular Alterations in Bronchial Epithelium in Habitual Smokers of

Marijuana, Cocaine, and / or Tobacco. Journal of the National Cancer

Institute, 1998;90:1198-1204. (Bronchial mucosa biopsy specimens and

brushings demonstrated statistically significant molecular abnormalities in

marijuana and / or cocaine smokers that have been associated with an

increased risk of development of lung cancer.)

 

 

Benowitz NL, Jones RT. J Clin Pharmacol 1981;21 (suppl 8-9):214-235.

(Cardiovascular and metabolic considerations in prolonged cannabinoid

administration in man.)

 

 

British Medical Association, Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis. 1997. P.73......

"The health risks associated with smoking tobacco have been well documented

and many of the same constituents are present in cannabis smoke, including

most of the known carcinogens."

 

 

Buckley J, Cannabis: Physiopathology, Epidemiology, Detection. CRC Press

1993;155-162. (A case-control study of acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia:

evidence for an association with marijuana exposure.)

 

 

Cocita-Baldwin G, Tashkin DP, Buckley DM, Park AN, Dubinett SM, Roth MD..

Marijuana and cocaine impair alveolar macrophage function and cytokine

production. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:1606-1613. (Marijuana and

cocaine severely limit the ability of alveolar macrophages to kill bacteria

and tumor cells. Marijuana smokers smoked at least 5 per day for 5 yrs. Ave

17.9 joints per week and 54 joints per year.)

 

 

Denissenko M, Pao A, Tang M, Pfeifer GP. Preferential Formation of Benzo

(a)pyrene Adducts at Lung Cancer Mutational Hotspots in P53. Science Vol.

274, 18 October 1996. (These results provide a direct etiological link

between a defined chemical carcinogen and human cancer.) An average

marijuana cigarette contains 30 nanograms of this carcinogen, compared to

21 nanograms in an average tobacco cigarette (Marijuana and Health,

National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine report, 1982). This

potent carcinogen suppresses a gene that controls growth of cells. When

this gene is damaged, the body becomes more susceptible to cancer. This

gene, P53, is related to half of all human cancers and as many as 70% of

lung cancers.

 

 

Diaz and colleagues. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,

268:1289-1296, 1994. (Normal human cells, when incubated with

concentrations of THC equivalent to that found in the blood of regular

smokers of marijuana, cause immune cells to release compounds which promote

inflammation within the lungs, and at the same time, suppress the natural

defences against external bacterial and viral agents that cause disease..)

 

 

Donald PJ, Otolaryn Head & Neck Surg 94:517-521, 1986. (Cases of cancer,

including cancer of the mouth, tongue, larynx, jaw, head, neck, and lungs

have been reported in marijuana smokers.)

 

 

Donald PJ. Adv Exp Med Bio 288:33-46, 1991. (Cases of cancer, including

cancer of the mouth, tongue, larynx, jaw, head, neck, and lungs have been

reported in marijuana smokers.)

 

 

Ferguson RP et al. JAMA 261:41-42, 1989. (Cases of cancer, including cancer

of the mouth, tongue, larynx, jaw, head, neck, and lungs have been reported

in marijuana smokers.)

 

 

Fligiel SE, Venkat H, Gong H, Tashkin DP. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs..

1988; 20:33-42. (Bronchial pathology in chronic marijuana smokers: a light

and electron microscopic study.)

 

 

Fligiel SEG, Roth MD, Kleerup EC, Barsky SH, Simmons MS, Tashkin DP.

Tracheobronchial histopathology in habitual smokers of cocaine, marijuana,

and/or tobacco. Chest 1997;112:319-326 (Smokers of cocaine, marijuana, or

tobacco had greater histopathologic abnormalities than controls and the

effects were additive. The effects of marijuana were greater than tobacco

or cocaine)

 

 

Gong H, et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1984;35:26-32. (Acute and subacute

bronchial effects of oral cannabinoids.)

 

 

Huber GL. Griffith DE, and Langsjoen PM. 1988 pgs 3-18 in Marijuana: An

International Research Report, Monograph Series No.7, edited by G. Chesher,

P. Consroe, and R. Musty. Australian Gov. Publ. Service, Canberra,

Australia. The Effects of Marijuana on the Respiratory and Cardiovascular

Systems. (Respiratory and cardiovascular effects of marijuana are reviewed.

Topics include difficulties in studying this population, effects on the

lung, lung cancer, paraquat, passive inhalation, experimental lung disease,

and cardiovascular effects. In general, effects on the cardiovascular

system appear to be primarily beta-agonist in nature with a secondary

vagal-mediated CNS effect resulting in an increase in heart rate.)

 

 

Huber, Gary: Pharm. Biochem. Behavior Vol.40. P630, 1991. National Academy

of Sciences, Institute of Medicine Report, Washington DC 1982. (Known

carcinogens in marijuana, vinyl chloride, dimethylnitrosamine,

methylethylnitrosamine, benz(a)anthracene, benz(a)pyrene.)

 

 

Klein TW, Newton C, Widen R, Friedman H. Delta-9-THC injection induces

cytokine mediated mortality of mice infected with legionally pneumophila.

Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1993;267:635-640.

(THC injection increases blood levels of acute phase cytokines in infected

animal were at least in part responsible for increased mortality.)

 

 

Macinnis DC, Miller KM. J R Coll Gen Pract 1984;34:575-6. (Fatal coronary

artery thrombosis associated with cannabis smoking.)

 

 

Polen et al. Western Journal of Medicine, Vol. 158, pp 596-601, 1993.

(Daily marijuana smokers had a 19% increased risk of out patient visits for

respiratory illnesses, a 32% increased risk of injury, and a 9% increased

risk of other illnesses compared to non-smokers. They also had a 50%

increased risk of being admitted to hospital.)

 

 

Ramirez RJ. American Journal of Medicine. 1990; 88: 5-60N-5-62N. (Acute

pulmonary histoplasmosis: newly recognized hazard of marijuana plant

hunters.)

 

 

Robison LL. et. al. Cancer. 1989; 63:1904-1911. (Maternal drug use and risk

of childhood non-lymphoblastic leukemia among offspring.)

 

 

Roth MD, Arora A, Barsky SH, Kleerup EC, Simmons M, Tashkin DP. Airway

inflammation in young marijuana and tobacco smokers. Am J. Respir Crit Care

Med 1998;157:928-937. (Conclusion that smoking marijuana by young adults is

associated with significant airway inflammation similar to tobacco

smoking.)

 

 

Rubenstein KE. Marihuana: Biological effects. Oxford: Pergamon Press

(1979), pp. 89-99. (Determination of cannabinoids in urine by EMIT

homogeneous enzyme immunoassay.)

 

 

Sarafian TA, Marques JA, Shau H, Tashkin DP, Roth MD. Am J Respiratory

Molecular and Cell Biology 1999. (In press) (Oxidative stress produced by

cannabinoids in marijuana smoke.)

 

 

Schwartz RH, Voth EA, Sheridan MJ. Southern Medical Journal 1997:

90;167-172. (Marijuana to Prevent Nausea and Vomiting in Cancer Patients: A

Survey of Clinical Oncologists.)

 

 

Sridhar K, Inciardi J, eta al. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs October 1994.

Possible Role of Marijuana Smoking as a Carcinogen in the Development of

Lung Cancer at a Young Age. (Reports high incidence of early onset lung

cancers having history of marijuana or combined with cigarette smoking.)

 

 

Starr et al. Medical Tribune, page 17, 1994. (The study followed 25

non-tobacco smoking surfers, in excellent physical condition, who smoked an

average of 2 marijuana joints per day. Damage and irritation to the lung

cells of marijuana smokers was comparable to those who smoked a mean of 28

tobacco cigarettes per day.)

 

 

Tashkin DP, Shapiro BJ, Lee YE, Harper CE. New England Journal of Medicine

1976;294:125-129. (Subacute effects of heavy marijuana smoking on pulmonary

function in healthy men.)

 

 

Tashkin DP, et. al. Chest. 1980; 78:699-706. (Respiratory status of 74

habitual marijuana smokers.)

 

 

Tashkin DP, Simmons M, Clark V. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 1988;

20:21-25. (Effect of habitual smoking of marijuana alone and with tobacco

on nonspecific airways hyperactivity.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tashkin DP. West J Med 158:635-637, 1993. Is frequent marijuana smoking

harmful to health? (Marijuana smoke produces airway injury, acute and

chronic bronchitis, lung inflammation, and decreased pulmonary defences

against infection. Smoking one marijuana cigarette leads to airway

deposition of four times as much cancer-causing tar as does tobacco smoke.)

 

 

Tashkin DJ, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997 156:1606-1613. (Marijuana and

cocaine impairment of alveolar macrophages and cytokine production.)

 

 

Tashkin DP, Simmons MS, Sherrill DL, Coulson AH. Heavy habitual marijuana

smoking does not cause an accelerated decline in FEV1 with age. Am Respir

Crit Care Med 1997; 155:141-148. (Consistent with prior findings and does

not negate the previously determined effects.)

 

 

Tashkin DP. School Psychology International 1999; 20:23-37. (Effects of

marijuana on the lung and its defenses against infection and cancer.)

 

 

Taylor FM. South Med J 81:1213-1216, 1988. (Cases of cancer, including

cancer of the mouth, tongue, larynx, jaw, head, neck, and lungs have been

reported in marijuana smokers.)

 

 

Tilles DS, et al. The American Journal of Medicine. 1986;80:601-606.

(Marijuana smoking as cause of reduction in single-breath carbon monoxide

diffusing capacity.)

 

 

Van Hoozen BE, Cross CE. Marijuana: Respiratory tract effects. Clinical

Reviews in Allergy and Immunology 1997; 15:243-269. (Good review of the

literature on the respiratory effects of marijuana.)

 

 

Wu TC, et al. New England Journal of Medicine. 1988;318:347-351. (Pulmonary

hazards of smoking marijuana as compared with tobacco.)

 

 

Zhang Z-F, Morgenstern H, Spitz MR, Tashkin DP, Marshall JR, Hsu TC,

Schantz SP. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarker & Prevention 1999. (In press)

Marijuana use and increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and

neck.

 

 

Zuskin E, Mustajbegovic J, Schachter EN. Andrija Stampar School of Public

Health, Medical Faculty University of Zagreb, Croatia. Am J Ind Med July

1994 Vol.26 pp 103-115. (Our data demonstrate that work in the hemp

industry, particularly in small poorly regulated mills, continues to have

deleterious effects on respiratory function.)

 

 

 

                        Fetus / Genetic / Hormonal

 

 

Ahmad GR, Ahmad N. Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology. 1990 28:2,

255-260. Passive Consumption of Marijuana Through Milk: A Low Level Chronic

Exposure to Delta-9- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). (Analysis of urine from

children in the northern part of Pakistan who routinely drink milk from

buffalo that graze on marijuana revealed that 29% of children, aged 6

months to 3 years, had detectable (by GC/MS) levels of 11-nor-9-carboxy-

9-THC in their urine.)

 

 

Astley SJ, Clarren SK, Little RE, Sampson PD, Daling JR. Pediatrics 1992

Jan;89(1):67-77 (Analysis of facial shape in children gestationally exposed

to marijuana, alcohol, and/or cocaine.)

 

 

Barnett G, and Chiang CN. J. Theor Biol. 1983;104:685-692. (Effects of

marijuana on testosterone in male subjects.)

 

 

Block RI, Farinpour R, Schlechte JA. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 1991 Aug;

28(2):121-8. (Effects of chronic marijuana use on testosterone, luteinizing

hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin and cortisol in men and

women.)

 

 

Brunader RE, Brunader JA, Kugler JP. Journal of the American Board of

Family Practice 1991 Nov-Dec; 4(6):395-8. (Prevalence of cocaine and

marijuana use among pregnant women in a military health care setting.)

 

 

Buckley J. CRC Press 1993; 155-162. Cannabis: Physiopathology,

Epidemiology, Detection. (A case control study of acute non-lymphoblastic

leukemia: evidence for an association with marijuana exposure.)

 

 

Cartwright PS, Schorge JO, McLaughlin FJ. Southern Medical Journal 1991

Jul;84(7):867-70. (Epidemiologic characteristics of drug use during

pregnancy: experience in a Nashville hospital.)

 

 

Cornelius MD, Taylor PM, Geva D, Day NL. Pediatrics 1995;95:738-43.

(Prenatal tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents: effects on offspring

gestational age, growth, and morphology.)

 

 

Dahl RE, et al. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine.

1995;149:145-50. A Longitudinal Study of Prenatal Marijuana Use.

(Researchers conducted sleep studies in 18 three-year-old children with

prenatal marijuana exposure and compared them to 20 children not exposed to

marijuana. They found that children exposed to marijuana experienced more

than two times the number of sleep arousals at night than the comparison

group. They also experienced more time awake after each sleep arousal.)

 

 

Day NL, Richardson GA. Clinics in Perinatology 1991 Mar;18(1):77-91.

(Prenatal marijuana use: epidemiology, methodologic issues, and infant

outcome.)

 

 

Day N, Sambamoorthi U, Taylor P, Richardson G, Robles N, Jhon Y, Scher M,

Stoffer D, Cornelius M, Jasperse D. Neurotoxicology & Teratology 1991 May

-Jun; 13(3):329-34. (Prenatal marijuana use and neonatal outcome.)

 

 

Day N, Cornelius M, Goldschmidt L,

 

 

Richardson G, Robles N, Taylor P. Neurotoxicology & Teratology 1992

Nov-Dec;14(6):407-14. (The effects of prenatal tobacco and marijuana use on

offspring growth from birth through 3 years of age.)

 

 

Chiriboga CA. Neurologic Clinics 1993 Aug;11(3):707-28. (Fetal effects.)

 

 

Day NL, Cottreau CM, Richardson GA. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 1993

June (2):232-45. (The epidemiology of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use

among women of childbearing age and pregnant women.)

 

 

Day NL, Richardson GA, Goldschmidt L, Robles N, Taylor PM, Stoffer DS,

Cornelius MD, Geva D. Neurotoxicology & Teratology 1994 Mar-Apr.16

(2):169-75. Effect of prenatal marijuana exposure on the cognitive

development of offspring at age three. (Lower IQ in toddlers linked to

prenatal marijuana exposure. The researchers found "significant negative

effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on the performance" of both African

American and Caucasian children in standard intelligence tests.)

 

 

Frank DA, Bauchner H, Zuckerman BS, Fried L. Journal of the American

Dietetic Association 1992 Feb;92(2): 215-7. (Cocaine and marijuana use

during pregnancy by women intending and not intending to breast-feed).

 

 

Fried PA., Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 1980 6:415-424. (Marijuana use by

pregnant women: Neurobehavioral effects in neonates.)

 

 

Fried PA, Watkinson B, Willan. American Journal of Obstet. Gynecol. 1984;

150: 23-27. (Marijuana use during pregnancy and decreased length of

gestation.)

 

 

Fried PA. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 1993 Jun;36(2):319-37.

(Prenatal exposure to tobacco and marijuana: effects during pregnancy,

infancy, and early childhood.)

 

 

Fried PA. Life Sciences 1995 May 5;56(23-24):2159-68. (The Ottawa Prenatal

Prospective Study: methodological issues and findings - it's easy to throw

the baby out with the bath water.)

 

 

Fried PA, Watkinson B, Gray R. Differential effects on cognitive

functioning in 9 to 12 year olds prenatally exposed to cigarettes and

marijuana. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1998;20:293-306. (Use of

marijuana in utero was negatively associated with executive function tasks

that require impulse control and visual analysis/hypothesis testing.)

 

 

George SK, Price J, Hauth JC, Barnette DM, Preston P. American Journal of

Obstetrics & Gynecology 1991 Oct;165(4 Pt 1):924-7. (Drug abuse screening

of childbearing age women in Alabama public health clinics.)

 

 

Gold MS. Marijuana, NY: Plenum Medical Book Co., p.69-71. (In males,

marijuana diminishes testosterone production and lowers sperm counts. In

females, marijuana disrupts hormone cycles.)

 

 

Greenland S, Richwald GA, Honda GD, Drug and Alcohol Dependence

1983;11:359-366. (The effects of marijuana use during pregnancy. A study in

a low risk home-delivered population. [dysfunctional labor].)

 

 

Hanna EZ, Faden VB, Dufour MC. Journal of Substance Abuse 1994;6(2):

155-67. (The motivational correlates of drinking, smoking, and illicit drug

use during pregnancy.)

 

 

Hernandez JT, Hoffman L, Weavil S, Cvejin S, Prange AJ Jr. Biochemical

Medicine & Metabolic Biology 1992 Dec;48(3):255-62. (The effect of drug

exposure on thyroid hormone levels of newborns.)

 

 

Hingson R, et al. Pediatrics. 1982; 70:539-546. (Effects of maternal

drinking and marijuana use on fetal growth and development.)

 

 

Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL, Sokol RJ, Martier SS, Ager JW, Kaplan MG.

Neurotoxicology & Teratology 1991 Sep-Oct;13(5):535-40. (Maternal recall of

alcohol, cocaine, & marijuana use during pregnancy.)

 

 

Joesoef MR, Beral V, Aral SO, Rolfs RT, Cramer DW. Annals of Epidemiology

1993 Nov.3 (6):592-4. (Fertility and use of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana,

and cocaine).

 

 

Kendler KS, Prescott CA. Cannabis use, abuse, and dependence in a

population based sample of female twins. American Journal of Psychiatry

1998;155: 1016-1022. (Genetic risk factors have a strong impact on the

liability to heavy use, abuse, and dependence of marijuana.)

 

 

Kliegman RM, Madura D, Kiwi R, Eisenberg I, Yamashita T. Journal of

Pediatrics 1994 May 124(5 Pt 1):751-6. (Relation of maternal cocaine use to

the risks of prematurity and low birth weight).

 

 

Kline J, Stein Z, Hutzler J. International Journal of Epidemiology

1987;16:44-51. (Cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana: varying associations

with birth weight.)

 

 

Kolodny RC, et al. The Pharmacology of Marijuana, Raven Press, New York

1976; 217:225. (Depression of plasma testosterone with acute marijuana

administration.)

 

 

Maykut MD, Health consequences of acute and chronic marijuana use. Prog

Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1985;9:209-38. (The drug depresses

reproductive function in both sexes and Delta-9-THC crosses the placenta

and enters breast milk.)

 

 

Mendelson JH, Mello NK, Ellingvoe J. The Journal of Pharm. and Exp. Therap.

1985;232:220-222. (Acute effects of marijuana smoking on prolactin levels

in human females.)

 

 

Mendelson JH, et al. Journal of Pharm. Exp. Therapeutics. 1986;237:862-866.

(Marijuana smoking suppresses luteinizing hormone in women.)

 

 

Mueller BA, Daling JR, Weiss NS, Moore DR. Epidemiology. 1990; 1:195-200.

(Recreational drug use and the risk of primary infertility.)

 

 

New England Journal of Medicine, Howards, pg.3312, 1995. (Male infertility

is often related to lifestyle factors such as the use of marijuana,

anabolic steroids and cocaine.)

 

 

Ostrea EM Jr, Brady M, Gause S, Raymundo AL, Stevens M. Pediatrics 1992

Jan;89(1):107-13 (Drug screening of newborns by meconium analysis: a

large-scale, prospective, epidemiologic study.)

 

 

Richardson GA, Day NL, McGauhey PJ. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology 1993

Jun;36(2):302-18. (The impact of prenatal marijuana and cocaine use on the

infan

Edited March 26, 2004 by Chev

[Chev]

The longest goddamn post I'll ever make :: The rest of it:

 

of cannabinoids in urine by gallium chelate formation.)

 

 

British Medical Association, Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis, 1997: p.77 -

"cannabis itself is unsuitable for medical use"; "arguments in favour of

sanctioning cannabis for medical use have been based mainly on anecdotal

reports ... they do not constitute scientific evidence"; p.60 - "smoked

cannabis is clearly not a therapeutic option"; p.55 - "hypotension,

palpitations and psychotropic effects ..... occurred with such frequency as

to militate against the routine use of cannabis in glaucoma"; p.53 -

"evidence of a therapeutic potential for cannabinoids for epilepsy is

scanty ..... trials have been small, uncontrolled and have given

conflicting results"; p.46 - "ineffective in anorexia nervosa"; p.36 -

"tremor and hypokinesia was exacerbated ....."; "no beneficial effects for

Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease"; p.32 - "in 10 patients with

MS and 10 normal controls ..... cannabis impaired posture and balance in

all subjects, ..... patients became further impaired - but some patients

noted subjective improvement".

 

 

Cabral GA et al. Proc Soc Exp Bio Med 182:181-186, 1986. (Marijuana causes

decreased resistance to diseases such as herpes.)

 

 

Campbell AMG, Evans M, Thomson JLG, Williams MJ. Lancet 1971;ii: 1219-24.

(Cerebral atrophy in young cannabis smokers.)

 

 

Charles et al. Clinical Toxicology 14:433-438, 1979. (Marijuana is

associated with myocardial infarction and stroke.)

 

 

Clayton RR, Cattarello A. NIDA Research Monograph 1991;107:29-56.

(Prevention intervention research: challenges and opportunities.)

 

 

Cone EJ, Huestis MA. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 1993 Dec;15(6):527-32.

(Relating blood concentrations of THC and metabolites to pharmacologic

effects and time of marijuana usage.)

 

 

Crites-Leoni A. Medicinal Use of Marijuana: Is the Debate a Smoke Screen

for Movement Toward Legalization? Journal of Legal Medicine 1998;

19;273-304. (Excerpts: "This commentary takes the position that the

legalization of medicinal marijuana is unnecessary." "Presentation of

marijuana as a medicine that helps people, appears to be an effort by the

legalization of marijuana proponents to desensitize the American people to

the drug's negative effects. This may cause society to question the illegal

status of marijuana." "The potential danger of legalizing marijuana for

medicinal purposes is clear. Legalization of the drug for medicinal

purposes precipitates legalization of the drug on a higher, more reckless

scale.")

 

 

Diasio RB, Ettinger DS, Satterthwaite RN. Oral levonantradol in the

treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis: preliminary observations. J Clin

Pharmacol 1981;21 (suppl 8-9):81-5S. (The incidence of adverse effects is

high - a third of patients in some studies experiencing dysphoria and 90%

somnolence.)

 

 

Eber, GC. The Lancet, Vol 343, January 29, 1994. (This extremely complete

review of multiple sclerosis therapy puts to rest any contention that

smoked marijuana is good for this disorder and can be given without side

effects. There simply are no data to support the safe or effective use of

either smoked marijuana or dronabinol for treatment of MS.)

 

 

Elsohly MA., Abel CT. Quarterly Report: Potency Project Report No.32,

Oct-Dec 1989. University City, Miss: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical

Sciences:1990.

 

 

Friedman GD, Petitti DB, & Bawol RD. 1983 Am. J. Pub. Health 73(4), 401-05.

Prevalence and Correlates of Passive Smoking. (The number of hours per week

of passive smoking [tobacco] were directly correlated to alcohol and

marijuana use in this study of the extent of passive inhalation of tobacco

smoke by 37,881 subjects.)

 

 

Greenburg et al. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 55:324-328,

1994. (Study shows multiple sclerosis patients are further impaired by

smoking low-THC marijuana.)

 

 

Hall W. Addiction: Highs and Lows Lancet 1997, 350:SIII1. (Evaluating the

marijuana mortality study by Sidney et al. suggests that marijuana use is a

marker for male homosexual behavior. Also points out that the apparent lack

 

of association to mortality is premature because the mean age of follow up

was only 43 years old.)

 

 

Harrison ER, Haaga J, Richards T. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse

1993; 19(4):423-41. (Self-reported drug use data: what do they reveal?)

 

 

Health Council of the Netherlands. Standing Committee on Medicine.

Marijuana as Medicine. Rijswijlc Health Council of the Netherlands. 1996

Pub. No. 1996/2. ("On the basis of this literature survey, the Committee

has concluded that evidence is insufficient to justify the medical use of

marijuana.")

 

 

Hendin H, Haas Ap, Singer P, et al. 1987 Living High: Daily Marijuana Use

Among Adults. New York, NY: Human Sciences Press, Inc.

 

 

Huestis M, Cone E. Forensic Drug Abuse Advisor 1995 Vol.7, Issue 3, pg 20.

(Two groups of subjects were given marijuana cigarettes, with two different

levels of THC, a naturally occurring substance in marijuana. In both

groups, blood cortisol levels peaked after an hour and 15 minutes. Subjects

with the higher dose of THC had higher cortisol levels. Levels did not

return to normal until five hours after the low dose and nine hours after

the high dose.)

 

 

Jones R. July 1980 In R. Peterson (ed.) Marijuana Research Findings:1980

(Research Monograph 31). Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Drug

Abuse. pp.54-80. (Human effects : an overview.)

 

 

Jones HC, and Lovinger PW. 1985 Dodd, Mead & Company, NY. 537pp. The

Marijuana Question and Science's Search for an Answer. (The authors

conclude that "marijuana smoking is dangerous to your health and to

society.")

 

 

Kaufman Paul L, MD, Madison, Wisconsin. (Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;

 

 

116:1512-1513). (However, the duration of action of smoked or ingested

marijuana, delta-9-THC (delta-9-THC), or other cannabinoids is unacceptably

short: about 3.0 to 3.5 hours. To treat glaucoma, IOP must be controlled

around the clock, and thus patient compliance becomes a serious issue. For

marijuana to be a viable therapy, it would have to be smoked every 3 hours,

and getting patients to put drops in their eyes even a few times a day is

very difficult. Furthermore, there is the question of whether cannabinoids

can work topically. The supposedly active compound delta-9-THC does not

lower IOP when applied topically. Another problem not recognized as

relevant to glaucoma 20 or 25 years ago is marijuana's ability to reduce

blood pressure. Depending on dosage, frequency, and user experience, the

reduction can be rather substantial. Blood flow to the optic nerve may be

important to the nerve's health, especially in an adverse environment. In

an eye with elevated IOP, or an optic nerve that is not doing well and has

unusual susceptibility to changes in IOP, reduced blood flow may be a very

important factor in the progression of glaucoma.)

 

 

Lex BW. Health Psychology 1991; 10(2):121-32. (Some gender differences in

alcohol and polysubstance users.)

 

 

Lukas and colleagues. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 48:

715-721,1994. (The dangerous side effects of cocaine are amplified when

used in conjunction with marijuana. The study found that the increase in

heart rate due to cocaine was markedly enhanced if preceded by smoking

marijuana, and that the time to the cocaine high was reduced from 2 minutes

to 1 minute. There was double the amount of drug absorption evident when

marijuana use preceded cocaine use.)

 

 

Lukas SE, Mendelson JH, Benedikt R. Drug And Alcohol Dependence 1995 37 N2

Feb 131-140. Journal Article. (Electroencephalographic Correlates Of

Marijuana-Induced Euphoria.)

 

 

Mathew RJ. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1992;86:173-178. (Middle cerebral artery

velocity during upright posture after marijuana smoking.)

 

 

McGeer PC, Jakubovic A. Ultrastructural and biochemical changes induced by

marihuana. In: Nahas GG, Paton WDM, eds. Marihuana: biological effects.

Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1979:519-31.

 

 

Merrit JC, Perry DD, Russel DN, Jones BF. Topical Delta-9-THC and aqueous

dynamics in glaucoma. J Clin Pharmacol 1981;21 (suppl 8-9):467-71S. (Oral

cannabinoids are probably unsuitable for lowering intraocular tension in

glaucoma.)

 

 

Moreland et al. Journal of forensic Sciences 30:997-1002, 1985. (Symptoms

consistent with cocaine toxicity in infants and toddlers exposed to smoke

of cannabinoids and free base cocaine.)

 

 

Nahas, Sutin, Harvey and Agurell. Marijuana and Medicine. Chapter 43, page

537 of the book edited by Waster and Martin state: "As far as the analgesic

effectiveness of delta-9-THC and the four THC derivates is concerned, one

must question whether it is, in fact, true analgesia. The evidence found in

the literature on the analgesic action of THC is not consistent."

 

 

Omoluabi PF. International Journal of the Addictions 1995 Mar;30(4):445-58.

(A review of the incidence of non-prescription psychoactive substance use /

misuse in Nigeria.)

 

 

Petraitis J, Flay BR, Miller TQ. Psychological Bulletin 1995 Jan;117(1):

67-86. (Reviewing theories of adolescent substance use: organizing pieces

in the puzzle.)

 

 

Polen MR, Sidney S, Tekawa IS, Sadler M. Western Journal of Medicine. 1993;

158:596-601. (Health care use by frequent marijuana smokers who do not

smoke tobacco.)

 

 

Reddy DC, Singh SP, Tiwari IC, Shukla KP, Srivastava MK. Indian Journal of

Public Health 1993 Jan-Mar;37(1):10-5 . (An epidemiological study of

cannabis abuse among college students of Varanasi.)

 

 

Schwartz RH. Marijuana: an overview. Pediatric clinics of North America..

1987;34:305-317. (Poorly educated subjects or field hands, non peer

reviewed journals, in one study higher rates of absenteeism, delinquency,

and reformatories in Costa Rica.)

 

 

Schwartz RH. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 1989;143(6), 644. Passive Inhalation of

Marijuana, Phencyclidine, and Freebase Cocaine 'Crack' by Infants. (A

physician suggests the use of urinalysis for drugs of abuse in the

evaluation of puzzling neurologic symptoms in infants. Passive inhalation

of crack has caused neurologic symptoms and seizures in infants. Passive

inhalation of marijuana has caused sedation in infants.)

 

 

Schwartz RH, Beveridge RA, Marijuana as an Antiemetic Drug: How Useful Is

It Today? Opinions from Clinical Oncologists. Journal of Addictive

Diseases. 1994;13:53-65. (1500 adult medical oncologists surveyed. Only 12%

of respondents had ever recommended crude marijuana to patients and only 1%

had recommended it more than 5 times.)

 

 

Schwartz RH, Voth EA, Sheridan MJ. Marijuana to Prevent Nausea and Vomiting

in Cancer Patients: A Survey of Clinical Oncologists. Southern Medical

Journal 1997: 90;167-172. (1500 Adult medical oncologists surveyed. Only

12% of respondents had ever recommended crude marijuana to patients and

only 1% had recommended it more than 5 times.)

 

 

Soderstrom CA, Trifilis AL, Shankar BS, et al.1988 Arch Surg 123:733-737.

(Marijuana and alcohol use among 1,023 patients.)

 

 

St. Pierre TL, Kaltreider DL, Mark MM, Aikin KJ. American Journal of

Community Psychology 1992 Dec;20(6): 673-706. (Drug prevention in a

community setting: a longitudinal study of the relative effectiveness of a

three year primary prevention program in boys & girls clubs across the

nation.)

 

 

Struve FA, Patrick G, Straumanis JJ, Fitz-Gerald MJ, Manno J . Clin

Electroencephalogr 1998 Jan;29(1): 31-36. (EEG sequelae of very long

duration marihuana use: pilot findings from topographic quantitative EEG

analyses of subjects with 15 to 24 years of cumulative daily exposure to

THC demonstrated abnormalities.)

 

 

Volicer L, Stelly M, Morris J, McLaughlin J, Volicer B. Effects of

Dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimer's

disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1997; 12:913-919..

(Improvement of anorexia. No need for smoking marijuana.)

 

 

Voth EA, Brookoff D. Book Review of Marijuana The Forbidden Medicine.

Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994; 120:348.

 

 

Voth EA, Schwartz RH. Medicinal applications of delta 9 THC and marijuana:

a perspective. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997: 126:791-8

 

 

Zachariah SB, Stroke 22:406-409, 1991. (Marijuana is associated with

myocardial infarction and stroke.)

 

 

Zeidenberg P, Bourdon R, Nahas GG. American Journal of Psychiatry 134:

76-77 (1977). (Marijuana intoxication by passive inhalation: Documentation

by detection of urinary metabolites.)

 

 

 

            Impairment / Accidents / Cognitive Functions

 

 

 

Abel EL. 1970. Nature 1227: 1151-1152. (Marijuana and memory.)

 

 

Abel EL. 1971. Science 173:1038-1040. (Marijuana and memory: acquisition or

retrieval?)

 

 

Block RI, Wittenborn JR. International Journal of the Addictions. 1986;21:

281-285. (Marijuana effects on the speed of memory retrieval in the letter

matching task.)

 

 

Brookoff D, Cook CS, Williams C, Mann CS. New England Journal of Medicine

Aug.25,1994 pp 518- 522. Testing Reckless Drivers For Cocaine and

Marijuana. (A total of 175 subjects were stopped for reckless driving, and

150 submitted urine samples for drug testing at the scene of arrest. 59%

tested positive. 13% for cocaine, 33% for marijuana, 12% for both.)

 

 

Chesher GB, Bird KD, Sacramarcos A, Nikas M. 1985 In Harvey DJ,(ed),

Marijuana 1984, Oxford, IRL Press. Pp 621-627. (A comparative study of the

dose response relationship of alcohol and

 

 

cannabis on human skills performance.)

 

 

Crouch J, et al. 1993 J Forensic Sci 38: 1342-1353. The prevalence of drugs

in fatally injured truck drivers. (Study found 12.8% marijuana and 12.5%

alcohol in truck drivers involved in fatal accidents.)

 

 

Darley CF, Tinklenberg JR, Hollister LE, Atkinson RC. 1973 Memory and

Cognition 1:196-200. (Influence of marijuana on storage and retrieval

processes in memory.)

 

 

Department Transport Research Report 202. The incidence of drugs in road

accident fatalities. London: HM Stationery Office, 1989. (Department of

Transport figures showed that in the period 1984-87 cannabis was the

commonest drug [apart from alcohol] found post mortem in fatal road traffic

accidents [RTAs]. Cannabis use was estimated to increase the risk of fatal

RTAs by a factor of 3.5.)

 

 

Dittrich A, Battig K, Zeppelin JV. 1973 Psychopharmacologia 29:369-376.

(Effects of delta-9-THC on memory, attention and subjective state.)

 

 

Dornbush RL, Fink M, Freedman AM. 1971 Am. J. Psychiatry 128: 194-197.

(Marijuana, memory and perception.)

 

 

Elwan O, Hassan AAH, Naseer MA, Elwan F, Deif R, Serafy OE, Banhawy EE,

Fatatry ME. Brain aging in a sample of normal Egyptians cognition,

education, addiction, and smoking. Journal of Neurological Sciences

1997;148:79-86. (A decline in attention was determined in cannabis addicts

consistent with pathological aging. 37 addicts mostly hashish smokers)

 

 

Fletcher JM, Page JB, Francis DJ, Copeland MA, Naus MJ, Davis CM, et al..

Cognitive correlates of long-term cannabis use in Costa Rican Men. Arch Gen

Psych 1996;53:1051-1057. (Older users average use 34 years and younger

users average 8 years. Older users showed more disruption of short term

memory, working memory, and attention skills.)

 

 

Gerostamoulos J, Drummer OH. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1993;

38:649-656. (Incidence of psychoactive cannabinoids in drivers killed in

motor vehicle accidents.)

 

 

Gjerde H, Kinn G.. Forensic Science International 1991;50:57-60.

(Impairment in drivers due to cannabis in combination with other drugs.)

 

 

Heishman et al. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp

93-101, 1997. (This well performed study substantiates observations made in

many previous studies that even small doses of alcohol and marijuana impair

performance.)

 

 

Jeffery, WK, Hindmarsh, KW, Mullen, PW. Can. Soc. Forens. Sci. J. Vol.29.No

2 (1996) pp.93-98. The Involvement of Drugs in Driving In Canada; An Update

to 1994. (Marijuana was found in 38% of the blood samples taken from 1441

impaired or dead drivers across Canada.)

 

 

Kamine et al. Behavior of Pharmacology, Vol. 5:71-78, 1994. (The effects of

THC on 8 health subjects (19-32 years of age) all of whom had occasionally

used marijuana were studied. Oral THC caused measurable learning deficits

which, the authors concluded, might be disastrous in some environments,

such as operating "the cab of a speeding locomotive." They pointed out that

the "learning deficit from a single dose might become quite relevant if it

cumulates over time.")

 

 

Kirby JM, Maull KI, Fain W. Southern Medical Journal. 1992; 85:800-802.

(Comparability of alcohol and drug use in injured drivers.)

 

 

Kuehnle J, Mendelson JH, Davis KR, New PFJ. Computed tomographic

examination of heavy marijuana smokers. Journal American Medical

Association 1977;237:1231-2. (Even social doses seriously impair car

driving and aeroplane flying ability because of distortions of time and

space estimation, reduced vigilance, and incoordination.)

 

 

Leirer VO, Yesavage JA. 1991 Aviat Space Environ Med 62: 221-227.

(Marijuana carry-over effects on aircraft pilot performance.)

 

 

Leirer VO, Yesavage JA, Morrow DG. Cannabis: Physiopathology, Epidemiology,

Detection. CRC press. 1993 47-60. (Marijuana carry-over effects on

psychomotor performance: a chronicle of research.)

 

 

Leon-Carrion J. Psychological Reports. 1990;67:947-952. (Mental performance

in long-term heavy cannabis: a preliminary report.)

 

 

Marzuk PM, et al. Journal of the American Medical Association 1990;

263:250-256. (Prevalence of recent cocaine use among motor vehicle

fatalities in New York City.)

 

 

Mathew, et al, Life Sciences, 60: 2075-2087, 1997. (This data shows that

alterations in perception, emotion, and motor skills may be present in

users of marijuana even when it has a very low THC content.)

 

 

Melges FT, Tinklenberg JR, Hollister LE, Gillespie HK. 1970 Science 168:

1118-1120. (Marijuana and temporal disintegration.)

 

 

Mendhiratta SS, Wig NN, Varma VK. 1978 Br.J. Psychiatry 132:482-486. (Some

psychological correlates of long-term heavy cannabis users.)

 

 

Mendhiratta SS, Varma VK, Dong R, Mohhotra AK, Das K, Nehra R. 1988 Br J

Addict. 83: 749-753. (Cannabis and cognitive functions: a re-evaluation

study.)

 

 

Murray JB. Journal of General Psychology. 1986;113:23-55. (Marijuana's

effects on human cognitive functions, psychomotor functions, and

personality.)

 

 

NIDA Notes. (National Institute on Drug Abuse). NNVol.11N3 Marijuana Memory

(Chronic heavy marijuana users showed residual impairment in cognitive

abilities a day after they had last used marijuana.)

 

 

Pope HG, Yurgelun-Todd D, JAMA 1996;275:521-527. (The residual cognitive

effects of heavy marijuana use in college students.)

 

 

Reeve VC, Robertson WH, Grant J, et al. 1983 J Forensic Sci 28: 963-971..

(Hemolyzed blood and serum levels of delta-9-THC. Effects on performance of

roadside sobriety tests.)

 

 

Reeve JC, Grant JD, Robertson W, et al. 1983 Drug Alcohol Depend. 1:

167-175. (Plasma concentrations of delta-9-THC and impaired motor

function.)

 

 

Schwartz RH, Gruenwald PJ, Klitzner M, Fedio P. AJDC. 1989;143:1214-1219.

(Short-term memory impairment in cannabis dependent adolescents.)

 

 

Soderstrom, CA, et al. Archives of Surgery Vol.123:733-737. 1988. Marijuana

and Alcohol Use Among 1023 Trauma Patients. (Study found that 34.7% of

patients received with major trauma injuries had marijuana in their system,

32.6% had alcohol.)

 

 

Soderstrom CA, Smith GS, Dischinger PA, McDuff DR, Hebel JR, Gorelick DA,

Kerns TJ, et al. Psychoactive substance use disorders among seriously

injured trauma center patients. Journal of the American Medical Association

1997; 277:169-1774. (39.7% of patients had urine positive for drugs other

than alcohol and nicotine. Lifetime [current] drug dependency rates were

cocaine 16.4% [10.6%], marijuana 14.8% [6.5%], opiates 13.8% [10%],

hallucinogens 2.3% [0.4%], stimulants 1.9% [0.3%])

 

 

Soderstrom CA, et al. Cannabis; Physiopathology, Epidemiology, Detection.

CRC press 1993;79-91. (Marijuana and alcohol use among 1023 trauma

patients.)

 

 

Solowij et al. Biol Psychiatry, 37; 731-739, 1995. (The ability to focus

attention and filter out irrelevant information was measured and was found

to be impaired progressively by the number of years of marijuana use, but

was unrelated to the frequency of use. The results suggested that a chronic

buildup of cannabinoid produces both short and long term impairments of

brain function compared to control subjects. Marijuana produces an

attention deficit.)

 

 

Solowij et al, National Drug and Alcohol Research Center, Sydney,

Australia. Life Sciences, Vol. 56, pp.2119-2126, 1995. (This study confirms

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Amen! Any suggestions on a reply?

[F420]

My reply is Im giving up the weed, this shit must be bad look at that fucking wopping big list.

[deejayvee]

I didn't look through the whole lot, but I did notice some interesting things at the top of the list.

 

Firstly, most of the reports seem to be about children. As we all know, giving underdeveloped bodies any sort of drug is risky. That doesn't prove it's bad for adults.

 

Secondly, definitive clinical tests are damn-near impossible while we still have prohibition because people will lie to downplay their usage, etc and we don't have any quantitive studies on the psychological impact of prohibition on drug users.

[Guest niall]

This is his tactic - inundate you with so many studies and "peer reviewed" material (much of it is not), that you have no hope of responding. Looking at the first half dozen or so references, none of them seem to support his argument in the slightest. All he's doing is cut'n'pasting a heap of cannabis-related studies - a lot of them have absolutely nothing to do with the debate at hand, and I'm sure if you went and checked each and every single reference he provides you'll find that very few explicitly support his position.

 

I'd point out the obvious errors in what he has provided - pick out the obvious ones and reply saying "These are irrelevent and don't answer my question" and thereby call into question the validity of the rest. Ask him to document very specifically where each one is relevent, where actual harm has been demonstrated in the context of the debate or question at hand.

 

He won't, he'll just pass the buck to you and pretend that his response was adequate, and like MDR he'll never admit that he's wrong, but don't let him go unopposed! Even if you just tell him to kiss your ass it's worth it! ::

[expansion]

I thought I might see what response this gets from drug free Australia

 

 

"In trying to bring some balance to the debate I would like you to comment on these studies which seem to contradict your opinions.

 

Cannabis drugs pass testing 'milestone'

 

Cannabis-based drugs could be prescribed in the UK as early as 2003, following successful final-stage trials in patients with multiple sclerosis.

 

http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/mari...a/milestone.jsp

 

 

 

High anxieties

 

What the WHO doesn't want you to know about cannabis

 

Health officials in Geneva have suppressed the publication of a politically sensitive analysis that confirms what ageing hippies have known for decades: cannabis is safer than alcohol or tobacco.

 

http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/mari...id=JCIAMDEBLKOH

 

 

 

If light of the last study, don't you think you should be directing your energy more to the eradictaion of tobacco and alcohol ( which I am sure you will agree kills more people annually than mj ).

[expansion]

this is the reply ( after I resent it and asked for a response).

 

Thankyou for both your emails, sorry it has taken so long to respond, there are many issues that are of concern, and you raise just a few.

 

I suppose I’m still curious why you are attempting to be argumentative for argument’s sake when there is such a high volume of evidence against cannabis, I could probably find a dozen that actually promote cannabis, the issue you have to examine is whether the studies stand up to scrutiny, or are backed by impartial or biased interests, the same issue should be of your interest too perhaps.

 

Michael D. Robinson

Executive Director

Drug Free Australia Ltd.

[expansion]

my reply....

 

Michael, there is a much higher volume of arguments showing the harm caused to society by tobacco and alcohol, would you not agree?

If this is so ( and we know it is) then why are you not focusing on removing these products? Would it perhaps be that you yourself, or others you know use these products responsibly? Is it then such a great leap to suggest that some people can use cannabis responsibly?

What do you think?