Why do countries such as the U.S. and Australia seem increasingly prohibitive? "In the debate over drug policy, rationality and evidence is a small factor," says Wodak. "It's about winning votes by being hard on drugs", a strategy he dubs "political Viagra" for politicians. Although, he adds, "it's not as reliable as it used to be."
A stunning example is the Shafer report. In 1970, then U.S. President Nixon wanted an investigation into marijuana to back his war on drugs. He appointed Raymond Shafer, a Republican former governor of Pennsylvania with a reputation as a 'drug warrior' to lead it. Shafer's committee conducted the most wide-ranging review of marijuana ever undertaken by the U.S. federal government. And Shafer did a complete about face. In his 1972 report, Marijuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding, he said: "Marijuana's relative potential for harm to the vast majority of individual users and its actual impact on society does not justify a social policy designed to seek out and firmly punish those who use it." As Watergate revealed, Nixon was appalled, and waged his war regardless. Since then, 15 million Americans have been arrested on marijuana charges.
Notwithstanding the current hardening of Australia's cannabis policy, Wodak is surprisingly optimistic. "It's a winnable battle. The arguments are so compelling. The policy has got to be based on rationality and evidence, not fearmongering and angst."
Wodak draws some cheer from Britain's recent decision. In December 2005 Michael Rawlins, the chairman of the U.K. Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, recommended that the British parliament not upgrade its punitive laws on cannabis from Class C to Class B; a recommendation that was accepted. "While cannabis can, unquestionably, produce harms, these are not of the same order as those of substances within Class B [the more punitive category that includes amphetamines, barbiturates and codeine]." He recommended education programs to discourage use and more research.
Despite his two decades in the trenches, Wodak shows no signs of battle fatigue. "What keeps me going? Every day I see people and their families damaged by these costly and ineffectual and counter-productive drug laws and policy. There is the excessive permissiveness to alcohol – we regularly see women bashed by drunken husbands – while marijuana remains criminalised.
"In thoughtful circles, the debate is over: harm reduction wins. Now the task is to get this through the political maze."
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